Issues of historical topography and localization of ishtikhan in the middle ages

Sandiboyev, Alisher

O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана) · 2025-yil

Annotatsiya

This article examines the historical topography of Ishtikhan, located in the western part of the Samarkand oasis, and provides an analytical overview of the cities and settlements that once formed part of its territorial and administrative structure. In Chinese sources, Ishtikhan appears under the name Cao, while in Arabic–Persian texts it is referred to as Ishtikhan. Based on written accounts and cartographic research, several sites within its boundaries have been localized, including Rastaghfar – Boyliota, Muzan – Muzan, Bardad – Kumushkent, Zar – Zhar, Farankat (or Afrankad) – Primkent, and Sogardj – Sogishtepa – Arktepa, all of which represent significant archaeological monuments of the region. A detailed analysis of the available sources indicates that the city of Ishtikhon bordered the territory of Kushaniya. The domain extended between the present-day rivers Akdarya and Karadarya – from the town of Dahbet to the village of Azamat within modern Ishtikhan. The associated rural district (rustaq) of Sogardj (Sogishtepa – Arktepa) was situated on the right bank of the Akdarya River. The Sogardj Mountains mentioned in the sources can be identified with the modern Karakchitag ridge and, in part, with the adjacent Oktog range. On the basis of this evidence, it can be concluded that through these mountain chains, Ishtikhan bordered the ancient Nuri settlements of the Bukhara region to the north and northwest, particularly the village of Chush (Jush).

Maqola ma’lumotlari
MualliflarSandiboyev, Alisher
JurnalO‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана)
NashriyotАрхеология институти
ISSN2022-2026
Nashr sanasi2025-10-22
Jild2
Son33
Betlar119-136
TilIngliz
Ilmiy sohaTarix
Indeksga qo‘shilgan2026-08-27

Maqolaning asl sahifasi

Kalit so‘zlar

Согд, Самарканд, Кушания, Иштихaн, Согардж, Примкент, Музан, локализация, топография, картография, Sogd, Samarkand, Kushaniya, Ishtikhan, Sogarj, Primkent, Muzan, localization, topography, cartography, Sug‘d, Samarqand, Kushoniya, Ishtixan, Sog‘arj, Primkent, Muzan, lokalizatsiya, topografiya, kartografiya

Ilmiy soha

Tarix

Iqtibos keltirish

APASandiboyev, Alisher (2025). ISSUES OF HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCALIZATION OF ISHTIKHAN IN THE MIDDLE AGES. O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана), 2(33), 119-136. https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/195
GOST (OAK)Sandiboyev, Alisher ISSUES OF HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCALIZATION OF ISHTIKHAN IN THE MIDDLE AGES // O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана). – 2025. – T. 2, № 33. – P. 119-136.
MLASandiboyev, Alisher. “ISSUES OF HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCALIZATION OF ISHTIKHAN IN THE MIDDLE AGES.” O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана), 2(33), 119-136, 2025. https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/195
ChicagoSandiboyev, Alisher. “ISSUES OF HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCALIZATION OF ISHTIKHAN IN THE MIDDLE AGES.” O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана), 2(33), 119-136 (2025). https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/195
HarvardSandiboyev, Alisher (2025) ‘ISSUES OF HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCALIZATION OF ISHTIKHAN IN THE MIDDLE AGES’, O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана), 2(33), 119-136. https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/195
BibTeX
@article{sandiboyevalisher2025,
  title = {ISSUES OF HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCALIZATION OF ISHTIKHAN IN THE MIDDLE AGES},
  author = {Sandiboyev, Alisher},
  journal = {O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана)},
  year = {2025},
  volume = {2},
  number = {33},
  pages = {119-136},
  url = {https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/195}
}

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