The article examines the object of legal relations arising from the use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in commercial transactions, particularly in cross-border commerce. The author argues that the classical civil-law concept of the object of a legal relationship, structured around a single, stable, and territorially identifiable benefit, is structurally ill-suited to AI-mediated relations. Based on a doctrinal and comparative legal analysis of the EU AI Act, the Council of Europe Framework Convention, the OECD Recommendation, and the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, a four-level typology of the object is proposed: (i) the AI system as a complex object; (ii) data as an input object; (iii) AI-generated output as a derivative object; and (iv) algorithmic behavior provided as a service as a functional object. Seven characteristics of such objects are identified: composite nature, dynamism, opacity, non-rivalry, derivative nature, inseparability from risk, and territorial detachment. Their implications for legal characterization and the determination of applicable law in private international law are also demonstrated. The article concludes with proposals for modernizing the civil legislation of Uzbekistan.
| Mualliflar | Turdialiev, Mukhammad Ali, Турдиалиев, Мухаммад Али, Turdialiyev, Muhammad Ali |
|---|---|
| Jurnal | Жамият ва инновациялар / Общество и инновации / Society and innovations |
| Nashriyot | In Science МЧЖ |
| ISSN | 2181-1415 |
| Nashr sanasi | 2025-12-05 |
| Jild | 6 |
| Son | 6 |
| Betlar | 428-441 |
| Til | Ingliz |
| Ilmiy soha | Yuridik |
| DOI | 10.47689/2181-1415-vol6-iss6-pp428-441 |
| Indeksga qo‘shilgan | 2026-09-09 |
DOI: 10.47689/2181-1415-vol6-iss6-pp428-441 · Maqolaning asl sahifasi
искусственный интеллект, объект правоотношения, трансграничные коммерческие отношения, международное частное право, данные, результат ИИ, квалификация, распределение рисков, Регламент об ИИ, цифровые объекты, artificial intelligence, object of legal relations, cross-border commercial relations, private international law, data, AI-generated output, legal characterization, risk allocation, AI Act, digital objects, sun’iy intellekt, huquqiy munosabat obyekti, transchegaraviy tijorat munosabatlari, xalqaro xususiy huquq, ma’lumotlar, SI natijasi, kvalifikatsiya, risklarni taqsimlash, SI to‘g‘risidagi reglament, raqamli obyektlar
| APA | Turdialiev, Mukhammad Ali, Турдиалиев, Мухаммад Али, & Turdialiyev, Muhammad Ali (2025). The Structure of the Object of Legal Relations Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems: Doctrinal Reconstruction and Conflict-of-Laws Implications. Жамият ва инновациялар / Общество и инновации / Society and innovations, 6(6), 428-441. https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol6-iss6-pp428-441 |
|---|---|
| GOST (OAK) | Turdialiev, Mukhammad Ali, Турдиалиев, Мухаммад Али, Turdialiyev, Muhammad Ali The Structure of the Object of Legal Relations Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems: Doctrinal Reconstruction and Conflict-of-Laws Implications // Жамият ва инновациялар / Общество и инновации / Society and innovations. – 2025. – T. 6, № 6. – P. 428-441. – DOI: 10.47689/2181-1415-vol6-iss6-pp428-441. |
| MLA | Turdialiev, Mukhammad Ali, Турдиалиев, Мухаммад Али, and Turdialiyev, Muhammad Ali. “The Structure of the Object of Legal Relations Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems: Doctrinal Reconstruction and Conflict-of-Laws Implications.” Жамият ва инновациялар / Общество и инновации / Society and innovations, 6(6), 428-441, 2025. https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol6-iss6-pp428-441 |
| Chicago | Turdialiev, Mukhammad Ali, Турдиалиев, Мухаммад Али, and Turdialiyev, Muhammad Ali. “The Structure of the Object of Legal Relations Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems: Doctrinal Reconstruction and Conflict-of-Laws Implications.” Жамият ва инновациялар / Общество и инновации / Society and innovations, 6(6), 428-441 (2025). https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol6-iss6-pp428-441 |
| Harvard | Turdialiev, Mukhammad Ali, Турдиалиев, Мухаммад Али, and Turdialiyev, Muhammad Ali (2025) ‘The Structure of the Object of Legal Relations Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems: Doctrinal Reconstruction and Conflict-of-Laws Implications’, Жамият ва инновациялар / Общество и инновации / Society and innovations, 6(6), 428-441. https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol6-iss6-pp428-441 |
| BibTeX | @article{turdialievmukhammadali2025,
title = {The Structure of the Object of Legal Relations Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems: Doctrinal Reconstruction and Conflict-of-Laws Implications},
author = {Turdialiev, Mukhammad Ali and Турдиалиев, Мухаммад Али and Turdialiyev, Muhammad Ali},
journal = {Жамият ва инновациялар / Общество и инновации / Society and innovations},
year = {2025},
volume = {6},
number = {6},
pages = {428-441},
doi = {10.47689/2181-1415-vol6-iss6-pp428-441},
url = {https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol6-iss6-pp428-441}
} |
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