The Middle Zarafshan Model of the Transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic in Uzbekistan

Isamiddinov, Muxammad, Xasanov, Mutalib, Rapen, Klod

O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана) · 2026-yil

Annotatsiya

This article presents a scientific analysis of the emergence and gradual development of urban planning culture in the Samarkand oasis based on archaeological materials. In particular, excavations at major sites such as Koktepa and Afrasiab demonstrate that the roots of Samarkand’s urban culture date back to the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The authors argue that the relocation of the city center from Koktepa to Afrasiab was primarily due to natural-geographical conditions and military-political considerations. The article also emphasizes that Koktepa corresponds to the agricultural region «Gava–Sughdha» mentioned in the Avesta. Koktepa is identified as the largest and oldest agricultural settlement of Sogd, which traditionally included the ruler’s residence and religious structures. The article analyzes the evolution of urban functions, the irrigation system, fortifications, and the chronology of urbanization processes, all supported by archaeological evidence. Overall, the article presents scientifically grounded conclusions that the formation of Samarkand as a city has a history of at least 3000 years.

Maqola ma’lumotlari
MualliflarIsamiddinov, Muxammad, Xasanov, Mutalib, Rapen, Klod
JurnalO‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана)
NashriyotАрхеология институти
ISSN2022-2026
Nashr sanasi2026-02-02
Jild1
Son32
Betlar17-27
TilIngliz
Ilmiy sohaTarix
Indeksga qo‘shilgan2026-08-27

Maqolaning asl sahifasi

Kalit so‘zlar

Самарканд, Коктепа, Афрасиаб, Согд, Ахемениды, саки, скифы, градостроительная культура, урбанизация, перемещение городских поселений, Samarkand, Koktepa, Afrasiab, Sogdiana, Achaemenids, Saka, Scythians, urban planning culture, urbanization, urban settlement migration, Samarqand, Ko’ktepa, Afrosiyob, So’g’diyona, Axamoniylar, Saklar, Skiflar, shaharsozlik madaniyati, urbanizatsiya, shahar aholi punktlarining ko’chirilishi

Ilmiy soha

Tarix

Iqtibos keltirish

APAIsamiddinov, Muxammad, Xasanov, Mutalib, & Rapen, Klod (2026). The Middle Zarafshan Model of the Transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic in Uzbekistan. O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана), 1(32), 17-27. https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/120
GOST (OAK)Isamiddinov, Muxammad, Xasanov, Mutalib, Rapen, Klod The Middle Zarafshan Model of the Transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic in Uzbekistan // O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана). – 2026. – T. 1, № 32. – P. 17-27.
MLAIsamiddinov, Muxammad, Xasanov, Mutalib, and Rapen, Klod. “The Middle Zarafshan Model of the Transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic in Uzbekistan.” O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана), 1(32), 17-27, 2026. https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/120
ChicagoIsamiddinov, Muxammad, Xasanov, Mutalib, and Rapen, Klod. “The Middle Zarafshan Model of the Transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic in Uzbekistan.” O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана), 1(32), 17-27 (2026). https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/120
HarvardIsamiddinov, Muxammad, Xasanov, Mutalib, and Rapen, Klod (2026) ‘The Middle Zarafshan Model of the Transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic in Uzbekistan’, O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана), 1(32), 17-27. https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/120
BibTeX
@article{isamiddinovmuxammad2026,
  title = {The Middle Zarafshan Model of the Transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic in Uzbekistan},
  author = {Isamiddinov, Muxammad and Xasanov, Mutalib and Rapen, Klod},
  journal = {O‘zbekiston arxeologiyasi (Археология Узбекистана)},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {1},
  number = {32},
  pages = {17-27},
  url = {https://archeouz.com/index.php/journal/article/view/120}
}

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